End-of-line justifying typewriter



April 5, 1955 P. LEGLISE END-OF-LINE JUSTIFYING TYPEWRITER 2 Sheets-Sheet 1 Filed July 9, 1952 AAAA INVENTOR ATTOR NEY April 5, 1955 P.LEGLISE END-0F'LINE JUSTIFYING TYPEWRITER INVENTOR 2 Sheets-Sheet. 2

ATTORNEY Filed July 9, 1352 United States Patent 2,705,554 Patented Apr.5, 1955 ployed for a given work is the only one visible and serviceable.

It has finally as an object arrangements for decreasing the volume ofsuch typewriters when they are used as 5 ordinary typewriters.END'OF-LINE JUSTIFYING TYPEWRITER The character of the invention will beclear from the H P F comparison made in the table below, of thedilations and eg contractions of the typing provided by the followingjus- Application July 9, 1952, Serial N0. 297,939 tlfylng lYPeWmew 1.Complete justifying typewriter 11 Claims (CL 2. End-of-line justifyingtypewriter with two normal terminal segments of 28 and 55 charactersrespectively, and 3. End-of-line justifying typewriter with a singlenormal t mventlon 1s dlrected 9 p i' Justl' 15 terminal segment of 28characters (comprised in the tying typewnters adalited to executeJustlficatlon on previous one by the elimination of the normal segmentmmal segments of varlous lengths. of 55 characters),

In the end-of-line justifying typewriters as described in j j theapplication Serial No. 215,743 filed March 15, 1951, m a gwen case ofwork. for g p the lustlficatlon on under the title Process and Apparatusfor Justifying a length 0f 70 characters of hues 9 h 74 e TypewrhtehMateriah now patent NO 2 9 23 the the character bemg the Standard P1ca wth a width of 2.5 justification is eflfected by contraction or dilationof the Y wlfith 0f the chalaeter, the Wldth Of Its face 18 final part ofthe lines only, said part being called the understood, increased 011 eslde y the h 0f the terminal segment. Given f ur li (Fig, 1 A c blankspace normally separatmg two consecutive charac- A2C2, A3C3, A4C4proceeding from a common vertical 25 ters. As the face of the charactermay not be altered, A1 A4 f the page and comprising, f example 9 7 Ih6dllat1OI1S and contractions of the typing are made by 68 and 72characters respectively (the term character apan Increase decrease P theblank 1 5 5 between the plying equally to the intervals between thewords), the charaeters. For convenience, the terms distendedcharjustification begins for all these lines only at a vertical aetel'and Contracted e e W111 be used, helhg f a certain Point B, that is tosay, f example, aft well understood that the dllatrons and contractionsin the normal typing of the first 42 characters, and it gives Cluestlon,afiect only the half-$36918 fl e 0f the to their various terminalsegments BIC, Becz, Begs, characters face. The table gives the wldths ofthe char- B4C4, a common length BC equal, for instance, to 28 aeters 1nmlnmleterscharacters. The length BC, a characteristic feature of Thefigures column I represeht thewldths effhe the end-0f-line justifyingtypewriter under consideration, characters Elven by the eompletelustlfylng yp g is called the normal terminal segment", For a km of only69 characters, for example, the diso the Contrary in the known j tif itypewriters, tended characters, 1n the above defined sense, will have aother than the d f li justifying typewriters, hut width of 2.5362 mm.Column I gives the modifications achieving like them the justificationby the variable spacof l Wldth 9 theehareeteis 111 Telatlon the normaling out or drawing in of the characters, the dilations and f (the mums lthe e P contractions start at the beginning of the lines and concernWith h end'of'hne Justlfylng typewriter Wlth {W0 1- the entire length ofthe lines. For convenience, these mal temlmal segments of 28 and 55characters the typewriters are henceforth called complete justifyingSame lme of 69 eharaeters to Spread 0111i a length of typewriters], 70normal characters, the final parts of the hue concerned The inventionhas as an object end of hne j tif i by the ustilicatron wlll includeonly 27 or 54 characters, typewriters in which the length intended tocarry on the Whleh the Justlficatlon 1 Spread out lengths of 2 dilationsand contractions of typing necessary for the jusand 55 ehereetersliespeetlvely- Wldths of the tification may assume dilferent values, inother words, tended ehelaetels W111 then be resPeetlVelY: end-of-linejustifying typewriters presenting a plurality g 5 gg 25x55 of normalterminal segments. 27 and 54 It has also as an object, in suchtypewriters with two normal terminal segments only, on the one hand, theColumn II 1nd1cates the w1dtl1s of the characters resultobservance byconstruction of a determined relation being from the use of a normaltermlnal segment of 28 tween the lengths of these segments, with a viewof arrivcharacters. Column III gives the widths resulting from ing at asingle setting scale, and on the other hand, means 55 the use of anormal terminal segment of 55 characters. calculated to difierentiate onthis scale the setting gradua- Columns II and III give the variations ofthe width of tions relative to each of these segments. the characters inrelation to the normal width of 2.5 rnm., It has equally as an object,in typewriters with several it being well understood that thesevariations aflfect only normal terminal segments, means by which thesetting the terminal segments, since the beginnings of the lines scalecorresponding to the normal terminal segment emare typed in a normalway.

Table End-of-line justification Complete justlfi- 71, Numcanon Terminalsegment Terminal segment ber of of 28 characters of 55 characters D15D55 characters of (II-I) (III-I) the line I I II II III III 15:70 1-2.5(II-2.5) (III-2.5)

66 2.6515 0.1515 2.9166 0. 4166 2.6961 0.1961 0.2651 0.0446 67 2.61200.1120 2.8000 0. 3000 2.6442 0.1442 0.1880 0.0322 68 2.5735 0.07352.6923 0.1923 2. 5945 0.0945 0.1188 0.0212 3 2362 0.0862 2925 0. 09252463 0.0463 0.0563 0.0101 71 2: 4647 -0.o353 24138 -0. 0862 214554 -00446 -0. 0509 -0.0093 72 2. 4305 -0 0695 2.3333 0.l667 2.4123 -0. 0877-0. 0972 -0. 0182 73 2.3972 -O.1028 2.2581 0. 2419 2.3707 -0 1293-0.1391 0.0265 74 2.3648 -0 1352 2.1875 -0. 3125 2. 3305 -0.1695 0.1773-0 0343 The cases where the justification is obtained by adding to orsubtracting from the length of the normal line at a maximum 2 characters(cases 2, -1, 0, +1 and +2) are by far the most numerous: they representindeed, according to the language and nature of the texts, from 80 to 95per cent of the cases likely to arise. This results from the fact thatsyllables or monosyllables of more than five characters are rather rarein most languages in current use such as English, Latin languages andGerman languages.

In the typing of a text with an uneven margin intended to be justifiedto a width of 70 characters, the most frequently occurring lines willthen have from 68 to 72 characters (cases 2, -1, 0, +1 and +2), thelines of 67 or 73 characters (cases 3 and +3) will be rare, and thelines of 66 or 74 characters quite exceptional. In'these circumstances,the justification on a normal terminal segment of 28 characters isperfectly tolerated by the reader, since the vast majority of casesentails only increases in the width of the characters by a maximum of0.1923 mm. in relation to the normal width of 2.5 mm. (column II), ordecreases of width by at most 0.1667 mm.

The justification on a terminal segment of 55 characters gives howeverdilations and contractions about half as great (column III). For therare or exceptional cases of justification (:3 and :4) the widths of thecharacters are increased at a maximum by only 0.1961 mm. in rela tion tothe normal typing, or decreased at a maximum by only 0.1695 mm. (columnIII). To reduce these results to a simple formula, it may be said thatin the great majority of justification cases, the increases or decreasesin the width of characters with regard to the 2.5 mm. normal width donot exceed one-tenth of one millimeter (the exact maximums being 0.0945and 0.0877 mm. respectively, as shown by column III), and that in theother cases, they do not exceed two-tenths of one millimeter (the exactmaximums being 0.1961 and 0.1'695 mm. respectively, as shown again bycolumn III).

An observation yet more remarkable may be made. Column D55 shows thedifferences of width which the characters present, on the one hand, inend-of-line justification on a normal terminal segment of 55 characters(column III) and on the other hand, in complete justification (columnI). These differences being in the order of but some hundredths of onemillimeter, the end-ofline justification appears as close as it couldpossibly be to the aesthetic optimum realized by the completejustification.

Of course, in all strictness, the above calculations retain their valueonly for the specific case chosen, but their main purpose was to showorders of magnitude. As to the comparison just made between theend-ofline justification and the complete justification, it is worthnoting that a line of 70 pica characters is already long enough, andthat shorter lines would reduce the variations in column D55. At most,for a line of characters, these variations would cancel themselves out.

The quasi-similarity of the results supplied by the two processes ofjustification having been shown, the advantages will now be given ofend-of-line justifying typewriters with several normal terminal segmentsover com plete justifying typewriters.

It is already well known that end-of-line justifying typewriters allowthe carrying out of justifications without a preparatory typing,according to the process described in the above cited application forpatent, whereas the complete justifying typewriters require such atyping. For justifications at the first attempt, the shortest normalterminal segment preferably will be used, since this requires the leasttime for calculations.

For works requiring a very special care, those where contractions anddilations must pass unnoticed by the most attentive eye, two methods arepossible:

The first consists in using the end-of-line justifying typewriter as acomplete one, by consequently making a preparatory copy. Forjustification, it then suffices, as with a complete justifyingtypewriter, to set the justifier, at the beginning of each line, to thenumber of characters lacking or in excess shown by the preparatory copy.Naturally, for a typewriter with several normal terminal segments, theelement of the frame intended to establish contact with and to actuatethe justifier is for preference set for the use of one of thesesegments, the length of which corresponds with the width of the columndesired, at the same time remaining less than it (or at most equal).After the normal typing of the first characters of the line (the first15 if the width of the justified column is 70 characters and the normalterminal segment employed has 55 characters), the justifier sets itselfin motion and the jutsification is carried out automatically. In thismethod of employment, the advantage of the end-of-line justifyingtypewriters over the complete justifying typewriters consists inproviding, as has just been shown, practically the same results as thelatter, but with less costly mechanisms since they involve a singlevariable, while the complete justification involves necessarily twoindependent variables.

The second method may be used for works that are to be reproducedthrough the medium of a photographic process. In such cases, the typisthas no need to make a preliminary copy, but systematically justifies thetext on the shorter normal terminal segment of the typewriter, e. g.that of 28 characters. So long as the number of characters lacking or inexcess in any line does not exceed two, modifications of the widths ofthe characters in the terminal segments, in relation to the widths incomplete justification, are at a maximum of about a tenth of amillimeter and therefore, for practical purposes, imperceptible; indeedthey vary (column D28) from -0.0972 to 0.1188 mm. But supposing that theblank typing of the terminal segment of a certain line results in anexceptional excess of 4 characters, the retaining of the same terminalsegment of 28 characters for justifying this line would entail avariation D23 bordering on eighteen-hundredths of a millimeter (to beprecise: 0.1773 mm.). If the typist thinks such a contraction wouldappear unaesthetic, she can disregard the beginning of the line alreadytyped and entirely recommence the line in question. The number ofcharacters now being known, it suffices to set the justifier and itsactuating element, at the beginning of the line, so that thejustification is effected over the last 59 characters of the lineinstead of over only the last 32. The justifier starts itselfimmediately after the typing of the 15th character instead of after thatof the 42nd, and the variation D28 becomes a variation D55 of only-0.0343 mm., that is to say negligible. As, on the average, a case of :3or :4 is likely to arise but once every ten lines, it is clear that theprocess permits the justification of per cent of the text at the firsttyping, with an appearance which bears comparison with what completejustification obtains only with a second typing. When the page isfinished, the beginnings of lines to be disregarded are suppressed bycutting and sticking, as is practiced regularly in the making-up ofpages or preparation of dummies in printing. This use of the end-of-linejustifying typewriters is altogether commendable, as has been said, forthe justification of texts destined to be photographed, where it is thenof so much advantage as the columns of text to set up are so muchlonger.

Thus, not only do the end-of-line justifying typewriters with severalnormal terminal segments provide justifications which are, for practicalpurposes, as good as those produced by complete justifying typewriters,but they are speedier than these latter in most cases and also, by theirvery principle, less costly to build.

The invention can be applied to the various types of end-of-linejustifying typewriters with a system of relatively sliding parts:typewriters with ramps, typewriters with justifying lever pivoted on oneof the elements (carriage, rack) having a longitudinal movement, andtypewriters with justifying lever pivoting on an axle, the position ofwhich is fixed on the frame for a given work. As an example, theapplication of the invention will be described for an end-of-linejustifying typewriter with a carriage sliding on the rack, in which thejustifying lever pivots on an axle integral with the rack.

Fig. 1 is a chart illustrating the principle of the endof-linejustification;

Fig. 2 is a diagrammatic view of a structure of endof-line justifyingtypewriters in which the carriage slides on the rack and the justifyinglever is carried by a pivot on the rack;

Figs. 3 to 5 illustrate the working of these typewriters respectivelyfor normal, contracted and dilated typing;

Fig. 6 is a diagram showing the setting of these typewriters in its mostgeneral form, i. e. for justifications on a normal terminal segment of ncharacters;

Fig. 7 is a diagram showing the setting of an endof-line justifyingtypewriter of the type shown on Fig. 2, for justifications on normalterminal segments of 28 and 55 characters, respectively;

Fig. 8 represents a single setting scale for end-of-line justifyingtypewriters with normal terminal segments of 28 and 55 charactersrespectively or, more generally, of n and Zn 1 characters;

Figs. 9 and 10 represent the back and front of a removable cover platefor the scale of Fig. 8;

Fig. 11 is a general view of a justifier for typewriters with two normalterminal segments, equipped with the plate of Figs. 9 and 10;

Fig. 12 shows a single locking device for a system of setting comprisingtwo distinct scales;

Fig. 13 is a plan view of a prism with four edges each comporting aseries of setting notches, for end-of-line justifying typewriters withfour normal terminal segments;

Fig. 14 is a cross-section along line XlV-XIV of I Fig. 13;

Fig. 15 is an end view of Fig. 13;

Lll ig. 16 is a view of a justifying lever with a foldablc en Fig. 17 isa view of a justifying lever with a removable end, and

Fig. 18 shows the arrangement of the adjustable slider, carrying, at theend of an arm, the actuating stop or the justifying lever in ajustifying typewriter with several normal terminal segments.

The functional diagram of the type of end-of-line justifying typewriterto which as an example the application of the invention will bedescribed, is shown in Fig. 2. In typewriters of this kind, a spring anda stopstub (not shown) impose on the justifying lever, pivoted at O onthe rack Cr, a determined inclination outside the stages ofjustification. It is precisely under this inclination, called restinclination, that L is shown in Fig. 2. The strap or belt W, withdrawingthe carriage-rack ensemble towards the left, is attached to the rack Cr.

The carriage Ch, mounted to slide on Cr, is provided with a slot Fcoinciding with the lever L when this latter is at rest. The connectionbetween L (i. e. the rack Cr) and the slot F (i. e. the carriage Ch), isassured by a pin A engaged in a longitudinal groove G of L. The pin Ais, for instance, carried by a slider C which is movable in the slot Ffor setting and can be locked in F after the setting. Thus one with thecarriage, the pin A displaces itself by the same amount as the carriageduring the justifications, while the pivot O displaces itself by thesame amount as the rack.

In the course of the displacements of the rack character by character,the justifying lever L comes into contact at a given moment with a stopk of the frame, a stop the position of which has been adjusted with thepurpose of making the justification start at a chosen vertical of thepage.

If, at the time of the justification setting, the pin A has been placedin line with the pivot O of the justifying lever L (Fig. 3), thedisplacements AA of the carriage are identical with the displacements 00of the rack and the typing is normal. If the pin A has been set above 0,for instance in A1 (Fig. 4), the displacements AiAr of the carriage areless than those 00' of the rack and the typing is contracted. Finally,if the pin A has been set on this side of O, for instance in A2 (Fig.5),the displacements A2A2 of the carriage are greater than those 00 of therack and the typing is dilated.

The number of normal terminal segments of which the use can be foreseenon an end-of-line justifying type writer is not limited theoretically.Assuming, however, on the one hand, that with a normal terminal segmentof about characters, the justifications already conveniently satisfyaesthetic demands, and on the other hand, that with a normal terminalsegment of to char acters, the widths of the characters differ only verylittle from the normal width, and yet less from the widths in completejustification, there is no need to increase the number of normalterminal segments beyond reason. To begin with, a justifier with onlytwo normal terminal segments will be described as an example.

In order easily to understand what is going to follow, it is necessaryto explain the theory of the setting in the end-of-line justification.This will be stated in quite general terms, assuming that the shorternormal terminal segment of the typewriter with two normal terminalsegments under consideration comprises n characters, and that thistypewriter must be able to cope with terminal segments of na to n+acharacters.

In ordinary typewriters, the rack and the carriage form one block whichdisplaces itself character by character after each impression. Actually,since the escapement works with a two stroke action in the majority oftypewriters, it can happen that the block in question is released by thefirst stroke a moment before the impression, but, this moment beingextremely short, the block has materially no time to advance before thecharacter is printed. From a practical point of view, therefore, theadvances of the ensemble of the carriage-rack character by characteroccur without fail after the impressions.

In the end-of-line justifying typewriters with a carriage sliding on therack, the rack still displaces itself by one character after eachimpression, but the carriage, longitudinally freed from the latter atthe beginning of the justifications, can moreover move in relation toit, in either direction, by the small amount necessary for thejustification.

A terminal segment of na characters to be stretched to a length of itcharacters will give rise to n-a depressions of the keys, hence to adisplacement of n-a characters of the rack. However, as thedisplacements of the rack and carriage subsequent to the impression ofthe last character of the terminal segment do not count as regardsjustification, this latter being then finished, the necessary relativeadvances of a characters of the carriage on the rack will be obtained inthe course of the first (na) 1 depressions of the keys for this segment.Similarly, a terminal segment of n+a characters will result in n+adepressions, and the carriage will have to have receded by [1 charactersin relation to the rack in the course of the first (n+a) -l depressionsof the keys for this segment.

This observation made, the setting diagram for justifications on anormal terminal segment of 11 characters can be drawn as follows (Fig.6) in the typewriter, taken as an example, with justifying leverpivoting on the rack.

The straight line 0k represents the justifying lever L under theinclination to rest position at the beginning of justifications, i. e.at the moment where it has just come into contact with the stop k of theframe. The pivoting axle O of L describes the horizontal of the figurepassing by O, and the vector O0 represents at any given moment thedisplacement of the rack. A line Q parallel to 0k is then drawn throughthe point 0' of the abscissa of n-l characters, marking the course ofthe rack up to the precise moment of the impression of the nth characterof the normal terminal segment of n characters. The straight line Qconstitutes the locus of the positions that the linking pin A(represented by A1 or A2 on the figure) will occupy at the exact momentsthat the last character of the terminal segments is printed, whateverthe number of characters of the latter. Indeed, A, integral with thecarriage and coming from Ok, represents the carriage in the diagram,while 0 represents the rack.

For a terminal segment of n+a characters, the justifying lever L,proceeding from O/c, will arrive in L1 after a course of OO1=(2z+a)-lcharacters of the rack, i. e. at the exact moment of the impression ofthe (n+a)th and last character of the terminal segment. L1 cuts Q atA1-A1, recalled horizontally to A1 on 0k, gives the setting for such asegment. Indeed, A1A'1=n-1 characters, the course which must be that ofthe carriage in order that the (n+a)th and last contracted character ofthe terminal segment falls in the place that an nth normal characterwould have occupied. The setting A1 of A in the slot (F) of the carriagecoinciding with 0k is called +a because the terminal segment had acharacters in excess.

Similarly, for a terminal segment of n-a characters, the justifyinglever L, still coming from Ok, will arrive in L2 after a courseOO2=(n-a)1 characters of the rack, i. e. at the precise moment of theimpression of the (na)th and last character of the terminal segment. L2cuts Q at A'2.A'2, recalled horizontally to A2 on Ok, gives the settingfor such a segment. Indeed, A2A'2, as previously A1A1, equals n-1characters, the course which must again be that of the carriage in orderthat the (na)th and last dilated character of the terminal segment fallsin the place that an nth normal character would have occupied. Thesetting A2 of A in the slot (F) is called a since the terminal segmentlacked a characters. If a=4 characters, the number of the settingpositions of A is 9 for any given normal terminal segment.

In an end-of-line justifying typewriter with two normal terminalsegments, if the shorter normal terminal segment comprises 11characters, it is better to make the longer comprise a number ofcharacters equal to 211-1. Indeed, the cases of terminal segments of n+aand 2nl+b characters, to justify respectively over It and 2n1characters, will then be likely, as they will be shown to correspondwith each other from the point of view of contriaztions and dilations,for certain pairs of values of a an At the precise moment of theimpression of the last character of these segments:

For the segment of n+a characters, the rack will have been displaced by(n+a)l=n1+a characters and the carriage by n1 characters;

For the segment of 2n1+b characters, the rack will have been displacedby (2nl+b)1=2(nl)+b characters and the carriage by (2n-1)-1=2(n1)characters.

The courses of the carriage being in the ratio 1:2, in order that thesetting of the justifier is the same in the two cases, the courses ofthe rack must also be in the ratio of 1:2, i. e. 2(n-1)+b=2(n--1+a) orb=2a. Thus, the number of setting positions of A will be reduced.

In less general terms, if the shorter normal terminal segment comprises,for example 28 characters (11:28) and the longer normal terminal segmentcomprises 55 (2n1=55), the setting -1 (in Arabic figures) correspondingto the justification of a terminal segment of 28-1=27 characters (a=1)will equally satisfy the justification of a terminal segment of 55-2=53characters (b=-2=2a); it will then be possible to indicate this settingby II (in Roman figures), to avoid any confusion with the setting 2 ofthe series of settings for the normal terminal segment of 28 characters.Actually, for the first of these justifications, the necessary relativeadvance of 1 character of the carriage on the rack will be acquired inthe course of the typing of the first 271=26 characters, in order thatthe 27th and last dilated character falls in the place of a 28th normalcharacter; for the second justification, the necessary relative advanceof 2 characters of the carriage on the rack will be acquired in thecourse of the typing of the first 531=52 characters, in order that the53rd and last dilated character falls in the place of a 55th normalcharacter. As 52=26 2, the setting II for this last justification willcertainly be the same as the setting -l of the previous.

In the same way, the setting of the terminal segment of 26 characters(2) will serve equally well for a terminal segment of 51 charactersunder the designation Similarly, the settings for 29 (28-1-1) and 57(55+2) characters will be identical, and the settings for 30 (28+2) and59 (55+4) characters will also be identical.

Finally, the settings for 28 and 55 characters both corresponding to theneutral of the justifier, the 18 setting positions of A which should benecessary if two normal terminal segments with arbitrary lengths inrelation to each other were employed, are reduced to 13. The notchesmarking these positions can then all the better be cut on a single rulesince the notches relative to the longer normal terminal segment fit inregularly between those for the shorter terminal segment when they donot coincide with them. For normal terminal segments of arbitrarylengths in relation to each other, on the contrary, two separate settingscales, and therefore two setting systems, or at least two systems forthe locking in setting positions, woul be necessary.

Fig. 7 gives, as an example, the diagram of the setting of a justifiedwith normal terminal segments of 28 and 55 characters respectively, thecharacter being still, to have a fixed basis, the standard pica with awidth of 2.5 mm. The justification play is 4 characters each way, thusallowing the typewriter to cope with terminal segments of 24 to 32characters on the one hand, and of 51 to 59 characters on the other.

For a terminal segment of 59 characters, the course of the rack afterthe impression of the 59th character is 147.5 mm. For preference, thedistance of the stop k from the horizontal described by the pivot O ofL, as well as the rest inclination of L, are chosen so that the sectordescribed by L is symmetrical with regards the vertical of the diagramcontaining k. In the particular case, the rest inclination of L is 30and the vertical of k is 73.75 mm. from O.

The graduations 51 55 59 represent the courses of 50 54 59 characters ofthe pivot O, i. e. the rack, from the commencement of the justificationsto the precise moments of the impression of the last character ofterminal segments of 51 55 and 59 characters respectively. The distanceof the origin 0 to the graduation 55 thus measures not 55x2.5=137.5 mm.,but mm. only. The straight line Q55, parallel to L, corresponding to thestraight line Q of Fig. 6, the positions IV to +IV marked on L on bothsides of 0 represent, according to the mechanism explained above, thesettings for the terminal segments in question. For instance, thesetting +IV is obtained by recalling horizontally on L the intersectionwith Q55 of the straight line L59 joining the stop k to the graduation59.

The graduations 24 28 32 represent the courses of 23 27 31 characters ofthe pivot 0 from the beginning of the justification to the precisemoments of the impression of the last character of terminal segments of24 28 and 32 characters respectively. The straight line Qza, parallel toL, playing again the role of the straight line Q of Fig. 6, thepositions 4 to +4 marked on L on each side of O represent the settingsfor the terminal segments in question. For example, the setting position+4 is obtained by recalling horizontally on L the intersection with Q28of the straight line L32 joining the stop k to the graduation 32.

The relation of the following settings, as was foreseen, is wellverified:

-2 and IV 1 and II +1 and +11 +2 and +IV The justification settings arenot effected on the justitying lever L, but, as has been said, on a slot(F) of the carriage placed above L and parallel to the rest position ofL. The straight line L of Fig. 7 thus represents the axis of the slot F.

Practically, the setting positions -4 to +4 (for justifications on anormal terminal segment of 28 characters) and +IV to +IV (forjustifications on a normal terminal segment of 55 characters) may bematerialized by notches made in a small rule R (Fig. 8) secured alongthe slot F; the locking finger d (Fig. 11), mounted on the slider Cwhich moves in the slot F in carrying the linking pin A, engages itselfwith the notches. As the intermingling of two series of notches mayconfuse the typist, various measures are eventually taken to facilitatetheir intuitive separation by series. For instance, the notchescorresponding to the normal terminal segment of 28 characters may bedeeper than the others, although offering the same profile for contactwith the locking finger d, or may be prolonged by a stroke. Again, inthe case where colored labels are used to identify the various notchesof a series, the labels for one series may be systematically clearerthan for the other series, although of the same tone, that is to say: alight green for III and a dark green for 3, or a light blue for +11 anda dark blue for +2, etc.

Such arrangements will be particularly helpful for those works whichpermit the occasional switching from one mode of justification toanother, mainly, as already stated: the setting up of rather largecolumns for photographic reproduction, columns justified at thefirstattempt on the shorter normal terminal segment, with eventualrecommencement of the justification, for a few lines only, on the largerterminal segment. It is then of great advantage to have the greatestdifferentiation possible between the two intermingling series ofnotches, in order that the switching from one series to the otherrequires but the minimum of reflection.

Usually, however, the same normal terminal segment is used throughoutthe work; it is then preferable that the series of notches correspondingto the terminal segment in question should be the only one the typisthas under her eyes. To this end, a removable mask K (Figs. 9 and 10) isprovided, which allows only the notches in use to be seen and covers theremainder of the rule.

The mask K, laid down on the rule, centers itself upon it since itsmounting holes, and 0', have the same diameter as the heads c and c ofthe fixing screws of the rule. Moreover, it is secured on the rule by aspringpin E, the bent ends of which engage the grooves g and g of theheads of the screws. Its width is the same as that of the rule; on theother hand, it slightly exceeds this latter at both ends, in order to begrasped easily. One of the edges of the mask comprises a longitudinalcutting or recess e intended to uncover only the series of notches IV to+IV of the rule. The numerical graduations or identification marks ofthe notches in question appear along the edge of this cutting, forming,for instance, the front of the mask (Fig. The other edge of the maskcarries notches or recesses such as e, corresponding to the series ofnotches 4 to +4 of the rule, the metal between these notches coveringthe unnecessary notches of the other series. The identification of thenotches 4 to +4 appears at the back of the mask (Fig. 9). For switchingfrom one mode of justification to another, it is enough to take out thespring-pin E, to turn the mask over the rule and put the spring-pin Eback in place again. Other systems of removable mounting of the maskupon the rule can obviously be designed without departing from thespirit of the invention.

The arrangement just described forms the simplest way of putting theinvention into practice.

Fig. 11 represents schematically the plan-view of a form of constructionof such a justifier, set for the justification of a terminal segment of26 characters, the locking finger d of the setting slider C engaging thenotch 2.

When the reunion of the two series of setting notches on a single scaleis not possible-either (a) that the smallness of the charactoreemployed, by bringing the notches nearer each other, would prevent inpractice their being cut in the metal of the rule, or (b) the lengths ofthe terminal segments not being in the ratio of n to 2n-1, certainnotches of a series might impair certain notches of the other series,two setting scales become necessary. These are then, for preference,placed on both sides of the slot F. In these conditions, a doublelocking system of the pin A in its various setting positions isgenerally necessary: a system to work each of the scales, and, when oneof them is used for a given work, the other must be renderedinoperative. Such systems do not offer any special difificulties fromthe point of view of construction, but they increase the cost price.

There are, however, arrangements which permit the operation of twodistinct setting scales by the same locking system. They are those inwhich the locking part may switch from one scale to the other by amovement of a certain nature, and the locking results from a movement ofanother nature, or in another plane.

As an example, Fig. 12 illustrates diagrammatically a construction ofthis kind. The locking part of the slider C carrying the linking pin Ais a plate-spring l, articulated at i on C. 1, operated by means of theknob b which must be pulled or pushed for moving the slider C in theslot F, supports the locking finger d. The two setting scales assumingthe form of two series of holes: on the one hand 4 to +4, on the otherIV to +IV, made along the edges of the slot F, the typist passes fromone series to the other by a rotation of l around the vertical axis i,and the locking is obtained by allowing the elasticity of l to recallthe finger d in the desired hole, a movement equivalent to a rotationaround an axis perpendicular to the previous one.

The invention concerning in its general form the use of any number ofnormal terminal segments, an arrangement will now be described in whichthese segments will be, for instance, four in number, the said segmentshaving, as a concrete example, 28, 42, 56 and 70 charactersrespectively, it being well understood that the lengths in questionmight just as well be any other. Then, in the texts intended to emergeon columns of 28 to 41 (42-1) characters, only the last 28 characters(on average) of each line are the object of the contractions anddilations necessary to the justification; in the texts intended to fitcolumns of 42 to 55 (561) characters, only the last 42 characters (onaverage) of each line are concerned by the contractions and dilationsnecessary for the justification etc. Whatever normal terminal segment isused, therefore, and in compliance with the very principle of theend-of-line justification, a certain number of characiters are typed ina normal way at the: beginning of the mes.

Such an increase in the number of normal terminal segments availableobviously permits the length of the normal terminal segment to be betteradapted to the justification width imposed, i. e., to carry, in certaincases, the contractions and dilations on greater portions of the linesthan two segments only would make it possible.

If it is possible, with two normal terminal segments only, to consideroccasionally the use of two distinct setting scales operated by a doublelocking system, a greater number of these segments obligatorily bringsback to the conception of a single locking system working as inanyscales as there are segments: in the specific case,

our.

A first process consists in fitting the justifier with two removablesmall rules, each rule serving for two normal terminal segments throughthe cutting of a setting scale on each of its edges. For example, onerule has on one of its edges the notches for the normal terminal segmentof 28 characters, together with, on its front face, the correspondingnumerical graduations or identification marks, and, on the other edge,the notches for the normal terminal segment of 42 characters, togetherwith the corresponding numerical graduations or identification marks atthe back. The other rule, set up in a like way, serves for the normalterminal segments of 56 and 70 characters.

Each rule may be secured on the plate T of the justifier in a waysimilar to that in which previously the mask K of Figs. 9 and 10 wasfixed on the rule R, that is to say, by the means of two centering stubsand a clamping pin.

Another process consists (Figs. 13 to 15) in cutting the four series ofnotches at the edges; of a prism with a square section, each seriesconcerning only a part of two adjacent faces of the prism, for instance,the third of the reading face relative to that series and, for theadjacent face, only the depth necessary for the engagement of thelocking finger.

The prism P is extended by two prismatic teats, p and p, resting withoutplay in two U-shaped supports, u and u, the openings of which are turnedupside; u and u are secured on the plate T of the justifier by screws vand v. The prism P, grasped by its protruding ends p and p, may beinserted in the supports 14 and u in such a way that any of its facesmay be turned upwards, thus showing the numerical graduations oridentification marks of a series of notches. The securing of the prismin this position is assured in any manner whatever, in itself withoutsignificance from the point of view of the invention, for instance, by aplate-spring z which presses upon its reading face and which may be setaside with one hand while the other puts P in its right place.

In end-of-line justifying typewriters with several normal terminalsegments, the justifying lever is naturally longer than in typewriterswith one segment only, and its actuating stop k at a greater distancefrom the frame. When the typewriter is used as an ordinary one, it ispreferable to decrease the space occupied by the justifying lever, apart projecting outwardly in a slant fashion and provisionally useless.To this effect, the lever is made foldable, or provided with a removableend, either of these arrangements having numerous ways of realization.

For instance, in the case of folding (Fig. 16), the justifying lever Lmay comprise an end L articulated rather stitfly at a, and foldable in Lalong the carriage. A nose b, integral with L, effects the locking inextended position, with regards to the efforts in the direction of thearrow. As another example, in the case of sectioning (Fig. 17), theremovable end L may simply penetrate, for preference slightly by force,into an ad hoc housing D of L. Provided that the stiffness of themounting L-L' is suflicient and the contact Lk warranted in due time,the engagement depth of L with D at the time of jointing does not mattertoo much. These two arrangements are only mentioned as examples of whatthe quite current practice may achieve in this field.

As to the stop k, it is simpler to remove it than to fold its carryingarm. In Fig. 18, an example of construction of such a stop forend-of-line justifying type writers with long justifying lever, k ismounted at the end of an arm h of a convenient length, integral with theslider 0 moving on the rail r fixed on the frame; 0 may be locked to rby means of the milled nut m. Removing the slider when the typewritermust be employed as an ordinary one is more practical than organizingthe folding of the arm h. I

For the sake of clarity, the present description should necessarilyrefer itself to a given kind of end-of-line justifying typewriter. It isto be understood, however, that the applications of the invention arenot limited to this sort of typewriter, but that they embrace, on thecontrary, all end-of-line justifying typewriters of the various kinds.

I claim:

1. In a typewriter having a rack and a carriage, endof-line justifyingmeans comprising a frame on said carriage, a slot in said frame, a slidein said slot, a justifying lever pivoted on and slidable in relation tosaid slide, a stop on said typewriter adapted to be contacted by saidlever to automatically start the justifying, a pivot rotatably supportedby said rack, said pivot being secured to said lever, and means foradjusting the position of said slide in said slot to alter the amount ofjustification including a finger on said slide, anda rule alongside saidslot and having a series of notches, said finger adapted to fit intosaid notches.

2. In a typewriter having a rack and a carriage, endof-line justifyingmeans comprising a frame on said carriage, a slot in said frame, a slidein said slot, at justifying lever pivoted on and slidable in relation tosaid slide, a stop on said typewriter adapted to be contacted by saidlever to automatically start the justifying, a pivot rotatably supportedby said rack, said pivot being secured to said lever, and means foradjusting the position of said slide in said slot to alter the amount ofjustification including a finger on said slide, and a rule alongsidesaid slot and having two series of notches, said finger adapted to fitinto one or the other of said series of said notches.

3. In a typewriter having a rack and a carriage, endof-line justifyingmeans comprising a frame on said carriage, a slot in said frame, a slidein said slot, a justifying lever pivoted on and slidable in relation tosaid slide, a stop on said typewriter adapted to be contacted by saidlever to automatically start the justifying, a pivot rotatably supportedby said rack, said pivot being secured to said lever, and means foradjusting the position of said slide in said slot to alter the amount ofjustification including a finger on said slide, a rule alongside saidslot and having two series of notches, said finger adapted to fit intoone or the other of said series of said notches, and a removable maskfitted onto said rule to blank out one or the other of said series.

4. In a typewriter having a rack and a carriage, endof-line justifyingmeans comprising a frame on said carriage, a slot in said frame, a slidein said slot, :1 justifying lever pivoted on and slidable in relation tosaid slide, a stop on said typewriter adapted to be contacted by saidlever to automatically start the justifying, a pivot rotatably supportedby said rack, said pivot being secured to said lever, and means foradjusting the position of said slide in said slot to alter the amount ofjustification including a finger on said slide, a rule alongside saidslot and having two series of notches, said finger adapted to fit intoone or the other of 'said series of said notches, a removable maskfitted onto said rule to blank out one or the other of said series, andspring means for retaining said mask on said rule.

5. In a typewriter having a rack and a carriage, endof-line justifyingmeans comprising a frame on said carriage, a slot in said frame, a slidein said slot, a justifying lever pivoted on and slidable in relation tosaid slide, a stop on said typewriter adapted to be contacted by saidlever to automatically start the justifying, a pivot rotatably supportedby said rack, said pivot being secured to said lever, and means foradjusting the position of said slide in said slot to alter the amount ofjustification including a finger on said slide, a rule alongside saidslot and having two series of notches, said finger adapted to fit intoone or the other of said series of said notches, and a removable maskfitted onto said rule to blank out one or the other of said series, saidmask having recesses on opposite edges thereof.

6. In a typewriter having a rack and a carriage, endof-line justifyingmeans comprising a frame on said carriage, a slot in said frame, a slidein said slot, a

justifying lever pivoted on and slidable in relation to said slide, astop on said typewriter adapted to be contacted by said lever toautomatically start the justifying, a pivot rotatably supported by saidrack, said pivot being secured to said lever, and means for adjustingthe position of said slide in said slot to alter the amount ofjustification including a plate pivoted on said slide, a setting scalealong said frame, a finger and holes on said plate and scale and meansfor inserting said finger into one of said holes.

7. In a typewriter having a rack and a carriage, endof-line justifyingmeans comprising a frame on said carriage, a slot in said frame, a slidein said slot, a justifying lever pivoted on and slidable in relation tosaid slide, a stop on said typewriter adapted to be contacted by saidlever to automatically start the justifying, a pivot rotatably supportedby said rack, said pivot being secured to said lever, and means foradjusting the position of said slide in said slot to alter the amount ofjustification including a plate pivoted on said slide, a plurality ofsetting scales along said frame, a finger and holes on said plate andscale and means for inserting said finger into one of said holes.

8. In a typewriterhaving a rack and a carriage, endof-line justifyingmeans comprising a frame on said carriage, a slot in said frame, a slidein said slot, a justifying lever pivoted on and slidable in relation tosaid slide, a stop on said typewriter adapted to be contacted by saidlever to automatically start the justifying, v

a pivot rotatably supported by said rack, said pivot being secured tosaid lever, and means for adjusting the position of said slide in saidslot to alter the amount of justification including a finger on saidslide, a rule alongside said slot and having a series of notches, saidfinger adapted to fit into said notches, and a second similar rulealongside said slot.

9. In a typewriter having a rack and a carriage, endof-line justifyingmeans comprising a frame on said carriage, a slot in said frame, a slidein said slot, a justifying lever pivoted on and slidable in relation tosaid slide, a stop on said typewriter adapted to be contacted by saidlever to automatically start the' justifying, a pivot rotatablysupported by said rack, said pivot being secured to said lever, andmeans for adjusting the position of said slide in said slot to alter theamount of justification including a finger on said slide, and a rulealongside said slot and having a series of notches, said finger adaptedto fit into said notches, said rule having a geometric cross-section,said notches being along a plurality of edges thereof.

10. In atypewriter having a rack and a carriage, endof-line justifyingmeans comprising a frame on said carriage, a slot in said frame, a slidein said slot, a justifying lever pivoted on and slidable in relation tosaid slide, a stop on said typewriter adapted to be contacted by saidlever to automatically start the justifying, a pivot rotatably supportedby said rack, said pivot being secured to said lever, and means foradjusting the position of said slide in said slot to alter the amount ofjustification including a finger on said slide, a rule alongside saidslot and having a series of notches, said finger adapted to fit intosaid notches, said rule having a geometric cross-section, said notchesbeing along a plurality of edges thereof, and means for presenting one iof said edges to said finger.

11. In a typewriter having a rack and a carriage, endof-line justifyingmeans comprising a frame on said carriage, a slot in said frame, a slidein said slot, 21 justifying lever pivoted on and slidable in relation tosaid slide, a stop on said typewriter adapted to be contacted by saidlever to automatically start the justifying, a pivot rotatably supportedby said rack, said pivot being secured to said lever, and means foradjusting the position of said slide in said slot to alter the amount ofjustification, the end of said lever being movable relative to the bodythereof.

Handley Apr. 9, 1940 Edison Dec. 1, 1942

